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Rare eye diseases: progress continues with authorised orphan medicines and breakthrough technologies

1 October 2018 | | EYE - General
An update on the development of orphan medicines, recent regulatory treatment approvals for rare eye conditions and advances in retinal prosthetic technologies for blinding diseases. The prevalence of a rare disease is based usually on a range of estimates and...

The science of glaucoma management: highlights of the 2020 Moorfields International Glaucoma Symposium

5 October 2020 | | EYE - Glaucoma, EYE - General
Held earlier this year, the 12th annual Moorfields International Glaucoma Symposium provided a forum for advanced clinical and scientific exchange in glaucoma management. The authors describe the key presentation themes and debates, highlighting specific topics of interest to glaucoma specialists....

Intraocular lens choice in patients who have undergone previous corneal refractive surgery

3 June 2026 | | EYE - Cataract, EYE - Cornea, EYE - Refractive
Patients who underwent vision correction in their 20s to 40s are now entering their 50s and 60s, the typical starting age for cataract development [1]. Consequently, ophthalmologists are increasingly encountering patients whose corneal profiles have been surgically altered, requiring advanced...

Advances in the understanding, diagnostic and treatment of keratoconus

1 December 2022 | | EYE - General
*Joint first authors Keratoconus is a bilateral and asymmetric eye condition in which the cornea’s structure is affected and thinned, causing a cone-shaped bulge to develop. This results in progressive loss of vision and impairs the ability of the eye...

Corneal transplantation in the United Kingdom: are we blind to the challenges that still exist after the Organ Donation Bill?

28 November 2022 | | EYE - Cornea, EYE - General
Corneal transplantation (CT) is a significant treatment option for a huge number of patients in the United Kingdom (UK) [1]. For an individual, CT results in a substantial improvement in quality of life. Penetrating keratoplasty with full thickness grafting has...

Your 101 guide to interpreting the Pentacam®

3 June 2026 | | EYE - Imaging, EYE - Cornea
Anterior segment tomography produces a three-dimensional assessment of anterior and posterior corneal structures. The Pentacam uses rotating Scheimpflug imaging to generate cross-sectional scans of the cornea and anterior chamber, essential for detecting ectasia, refractive surgery screening and longitudinal monitoring. However,...

Crystalline keratopathy in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance

2 April 2025 | | EYE - Cornea
Monoclonal gammopathies encompass a group of plasma cell disorders characterised by the excessive production of abnormal monoclonal immunoglobulins in the bloodstream [1]. This category includes multiple myeloma, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), amyloidosis and other lymphoproliferative disorders. Monoclonal gammopathy...

The assessment of pupils and 
pupillary reactions

1 October 2015 | | EYE - Vitreo-Retinal
Understanding pupillary reactions is vital in understanding basic neuro-opthalmology. It is a skill required in eye casualty, clinics and perhaps most importantly, exams. To start at the beginning, the pupil is the central aperture of the iris, its size controlling...

My experience of the transition into a specialist orthoptist role

1 August 2018 | | EYE - General
Michelle Dent discusses the process of transitioning into a new role and the pros and cons along the way. An opportunity arose for a permanent, full time, band 7 specialist role in the medical retina (MR) team in the Newcastle...

Blame the lens – not its position – in refractive surprise

3 February 2023 | | EYE - Cataract, EYE - Refractive, EYE - General
Aetiology of postoperative refractive surprise Weber coined the term “wrong eye, wrong intraocular lens, wrong patient” in 2008 as an aide memoir of major factors believed to underlie refractive surprise – defined as a significant unintended difference between dioptric refraction...

Orbital airgun pellet injuries: A paediatric case pair

10 December 2025 | | EYE - Orbit, EYE - Paediatrics
Airgun injuries to the eye and orbit can be visually devastating. The pellet need not impact the globe directly to cause visual loss, as the cone shaped orbit may funnel the projectile into the orbital apex and optic nerve. We...

Understanding and confronting bacterial endophthalmitis

2 December 2019 | | EYE - Cornea, EYE - Vitreo-Retinal, EYE - General
Abdus Samad Ansari highlights the importance of early recognition of this condition using an unusual presentation. Endophthalmitis is a medical emergency with devastating consequences. Despite adequate treatment, severe cases frequently result in permanent blindness. Endophthalmitis involves inflammation of both the...