Search

You searched for "confocal"

172 results found

The David J Apple International Laboratory for Ocular Pathology – a legacy of pioneering IOL research

1 October 2016 | | EYE - Cataract, EYE - Refractive
David Apple and Gerd Auffarth. The Apple Lab at the David J Apple Center for Vision Research in Heidelberg is a thriving international laboratory for research into intraocular devices. The lab continues the work of David J Apple, a world-renowned...

FAQs about cerebral visual impairment (CVI): identifying and helping those affected

2 August 2022 | | EYE - General
Cerebral visual impairment is common in both adults and children, yet the diagnosis can easily be missed unless one is tuned into the presenting features. This article provides a succinct introduction to this important topic. What is vision? Vision is...

Paediatric optic disc anomalies

4 December 2025 | | EYE - Imaging, EYE - Neuro-ophthalmology, EYE - Paediatrics
Anomalies of the optic nerve are relatively rare, but account for a significant proportion of sight impairment in children and adults. The recognition of these anomalies by eye health professionals is important not only due to their potential impact on...

Eyes on the road – visual standards for car drivers

1 June 2019 | | EYE - General
The author examines the current visual standards required by drivers and asks whether more needs to be done to make roads safer. Are the public adequately protected by the current system of visual standards required by drivers? In a survey...

Myopia management

1 December 2022 | | EYE - General
With the growing prevalence of myopia at epidemic levels in some countries and increasing number of research publications on myopia control, there is a lot of controversy regarding the management of myopia. As none of them are at present available...

Cavernous sinus syndrome

4 February 2021 | | EYE - Neuro-ophthalmology, EYE - General
Anatomically the cavernous sinus is a plexus of multiple veins that are connected and within this plexus there are several important vascular and neurological structures. These include cranial nerves III, IV, V1 (and sometimes V2), VI as well as the...

Chronic dacryocystitis?

1 February 2018 | | EYE - General
Lacrimal drainage system tumours are rare and lymphomas account for less than 10% of these tumours [1]. Most patients presenting with lymphoma infiltration of the lacrimal drainage system have a history of previously diagnosed lymphoma elsewhere. We report a case...

Take this waltz

1 June 2016 | | EYE - Oculoplastic, EYE - Orbit
My last weekend on-call was the busiest I can remember for a very long time. We were just completely swamped with patients. The weather was not too good that Saturday and it felt like every second inhabitant of our ocean...

Upper eyelid ulceration as a presenting sign of frontal sinus mucocele

3 October 2022 | | EYE - General
Introduction A sinus mucocele is an epithelium-lined sac filled with mucus and desquamated epithelium. It forms secondary to inflammatory processes that occur in a sinus with an obstructed ostium. Predisposing conditions include previous trauma, surgery, tumours, anatomical abnormalities, and chronic...

Pituitary tumours: why are they so often missed?

1 August 2017 | | EYE - Neuro-ophthalmology
Part 2: Clinical varieties, anatomical considerations and case report (see also Part 1 and Part 3) For ophthalmologists there are four types of pituitary tumour to be considered, three of which are named according to the hormone secreted, along with...

Brain tumours in adults: the essentials for an ophthalmologist

1 August 2019 | | EYE - Neuro-ophthalmology, EYE - General
The author provides a review of the common intracranial tumours in adults (other than pituitaries) which may present to an ophthalmologist. Primary malignant brain tumours comprise 3% of adult cancers but with an ageing population such tumours are becoming more...

Typical or surprisingly uncharacteristic presentations of neuro-ophthalmic emergencies

1 April 2019 | | EYE - Neuro-ophthalmology, EYE - General
Irrespective of geographical location or patient cohort, emergency departments are high risk locations capable of inspiring extreme anxiety and dread in patients and doctors alike. The stress multiplies when a walk-in or referred case is suspected of underlying neurological pathology....