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The power of the full blood count

1 October 2021 | | Ophthalmology, Retina / Uvea / Vitreous
Vishal Shah walks us through his thought process whilst highlighting the importance of routine investigations when dealing with unusual retinovascular presentations. Retinal changes can arise in anaemia, leukaemia, lymphoma, myeloproliferative and myelodysplastic syndrome. They are often the first manifestation of...

Discussing treatment modalities for bilateral wet AMD

1 December 2014 | | Retina / Uvea / Vitreous
A 65-year-old lady with bilateral wet AMD and vision of 6/24 comes with an internet search about current therapies. How do you explain the various treatment modalities available? There are two NICE approved treatments for wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD)....

Traumatic injuries from foam Nerf bullets

5 June 2023 | | Emergency Ophthalmology, Paediatric Ophthalmology / Strabismus
Background Three patients are presented in this case report: an adult and two children which were subjected to ocular injuries from Nerf gun bullets. Generally, Nerf guns are considered safer than airsoft guns. While there are many papers on airsoft...

An eye on novel anti-cancer agents: an evidence-based approach to external eye assessment

5 April 2022 | | Ophthalmology, Cornea / External Eye Disease
Novel anti-cancer therapies have led to significant advancement in cancer treatment, however, they can be associated with external eye complications. It is important to be mindful of such adverse effects during assessment of patients enrolled in clinical trials. Annually, approximately...

Resurfacing the ocular surface

1 April 2016 | | Cornea / External Eye Disease
The ocular surface (OS) is an anatomical and functional unit made of the tear film, the conjunctival, limbal and corneal epithelium, the lacrimal, mucous and meibomian glands and the lids and blink reflex. The tear film is composed of a...

Neovascular AMD: fresh recommendations underline standards of best practice

1 December 2013 |
The management of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) has advanced dramatically over the past seven years, with the introduction of targeted new therapies that successfully maintain or improve vision in a majority of affected individuals. It’s a fast moving field,...

Pathological myopia: a trainer’s perceptive

3 April 2024 | | Retina / Uvea / Vitreous
High myopia is defined as myopic refraction of greater than -6 dioptres with an axial length greater than 26.5mm, while pathological myopia is myopic refraction with posterior pole degeneration [1]. These degenerative changes can affect a young population and in...

Stem cell transplantation and pterygium surgery

28 November 2022 | | Ophthalmology
Pterygium is a benign, fibrovascular overgrowth of bulbar conjunctiva extending onto the cornea and has been associated with ultraviolet (UV) light exposure. The prevalence of pterygium worldwide varies between geographical zones but has been reported to range between three and...

A new observation point: updating the nomenclature and classification with OCT

3 June 2021 | | Ophthalmology, Optometry, Imaging, Retina / Uvea / Vitreous
The evolution of ophthalmic imaging technologies has been particularly rapid over the last few years. The author provides an update of the current terms for common signs and pathologies observed using optical coherence tomography. My experience as an ophthalmic technician,...

Shifting the paradigm of managing patients in medical retina: how real-world data can help us to improve clinical practice

1 February 2015 | | Retina / Uvea / Vitreous
The ophthalmic subspecialty of ‘medical retina’ has undergone dramatic changes in recent years. With the introduction of ranibizumab (Lucentis, Novartis), a specialty formerly dominated by laser-based therapies has been transformed to become, in large part, pharmacotherapy-based. To date, these pharmacotherapies...

Unconscious bias (part 2)

5 February 2020 | | Ophthalmology, Optometry
Does unconscious bias exist, and does training help to reduce discriminatory behaviour? Clare Inkster questions her role as a trainer. I read Gwyn Williams’ Learning Curve article on this topic a few months ago with interest, and as someone who...

The assessment of pupils and 
pupillary reactions

1 October 2015 | | Retina / Uvea / Vitreous
Understanding pupillary reactions is vital in understanding basic neuro-opthalmology. It is a skill required in eye casualty, clinics and perhaps most importantly, exams. To start at the beginning, the pupil is the central aperture of the iris, its size controlling...