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How to pass the FRCOphth part 2 written

The part 2 written exam comprises of 180 multiple choice questions – spread over two 120-minute sessions. According to the most recent college exam reports, the pass rate ranged from 45 to 70% in 2019/2020. Most trainees seem to sit...

Optic disc pit maculopathy: an optical coherence tomography study

This was a single-centre, retrospective observational case series that aimed to analyse the change of optical coherence tomography (OCT) characteristics in the natural course of optic disc pit maculopathy (ODP-M) and their effects on visual acuity. Twenty-two eyes of 22...

Transient thickening of the macular retinal nerve fibre layer in acute optic neuritis

Acute optic neuritis (ON) causes axonal degeneration, which can be quantified from the blood by neurofilament protein (Nf) levels. Within about three months, atrophy of the retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) follows. However, it remains challenging to explain why there...

Surgical options for the treatment of hyperopia

The modern refractive surgeon has a variety of options available to treat patients with hyperopia who wish to be independent of spectacles and contact lenses. Unlike in low myopia where presbyopic patients may have the ability to see well for...

Anisometropia following cataract surgery and its non-surgical treatment

The desired result of cataract surgery is improved visual acuity without the use of spectacles. In practice most patients following initial cataract extraction are likely to be symptomatic of anisometropia giving rise to prismatic effects (anisophoria) and unequal retinal image...

A missed intraocular telescope – an opportunity to re-focus the evidence

Intraocular telescopes allow magnification of the image so that it would be projected into a larger area of the macula, this makes the central defect caused by dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) smaller. The most common approach is a Galilean...

Optical sector bodies urge GOC to rethink approach to CPD reform

The UK’s main optical sector bodies have responded to the General Optical Council’s (GOC) consultation on proposed reforms to continuing professional development (CPD), warning that the current proposals could have implications for public protection if not carefully implemented and may...

Lessons from an unusual case of syphilis

The rise of syphilis transmission rates over the past two decades has been one of public health’s great puzzles. In the UK, the situation has reached epidemic levels, with a 126% increase between 2013 and 2018 [1]. We present a...

Is it NAION… Now what?

Case presentation We present the case and discussion of a 46-year-old Caucasian male who complained of immediate reduced vision following complicated neck dissection including a total laryngopharyngectomy, free flap reconstruction for a T4N3 squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the left...

A simple technique for managing eyelid retraction in a patient with an exposed Boston type 2 keratoprosthesis (Kpro)

The article describes a patient with mucous membrane pemphigoid and a Boston type 2 Kpro. In the early postoperative period (one week) inferior skin retraction was noted with exposure of the Kpro and carrier cornea. The exposure was managed by...

The Duke-Elder exam: A medical student’s head start into ophthalmology

The Duke-Elder exam is a specialist ophthalmology exam intended for medical students to sit during medical school. It is named after Sir Stewart Duke-Elder, a pioneering Scottish ophthalmologist who was active in the first half of the 20th Century by...

Passing the Refraction Certificate as a Foundation doctor

Application for ophthalmic specialist training (OST) is competitive. This means you should consider making every effort to maximise your portfolio points, as it may have a significant contribution to your OST application ranking. The “Commitment to Specialty” section is the...