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Glaucoma-NET: a novel way of improving glaucoma management in sub-Saharan Africa

1 June 2022 | | EYE - Cornea, EYE - General
Background Glaucoma is the second most common cause of blindness worldwide [1]. People with untreated glaucoma suffer from irreversible, progressive loss of sight. The disease is characterised by progressive loss of visual field, with pathological cupping of the optic disc...

Corneal dystrophies simplified

1 February 2017 | | EYE - Cornea
Based on biomicroscopic and histopathologic features, corneal dystrophies can be broadly classified into epithelial, Bowman’s layer / anterior stromal, stromal, and endothelial dystrophies. Corneal dystrophies are a group of inherited, bilateral, gradually progressing, non- inflammatory conditions caused by accumulation of...

“Beware of the pigment”

4 August 2021 | | EYE - Glaucoma, EYE - General
Using some captivating artwork, Iheukwumere Duru describes key features of pigment dispersion syndrome. Pigmentary dispersion syndrome (PDS) leads to pigmentary glaucoma (PG) in approximately 35-50% of patients with the condition [1]. PG is the leading cause of non-traumatic blindness in...

How to examine the visual system Part 2: Accommodation, pupils, fundoscopy and additional tests

1 August 2014 | | EYE - Vitreo-Retinal
Examining the visual system can be a tricky skill for medical students to master, yet it is a task that is frequently tested in examinations. This is the second of a two-part series of articles, which together aim to improve...

Ocular manifestations of multiple sclerosis: an overview

1 December 2022 | | EYE - Neuro-ophthalmology, EYE - Pathology
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), in which there is dissemination of lesions in time (two or more clinical events) and space (multiple lesions seen on brain and spinal imaging). The pathophysiology...

Uveal melanoma

3 August 2023 | | EYE - Pathology, EYE - Oncology, EYE - Imaging
Uveal melanoma is the most common primary intraocular tumour. However, they are still rare, with an incidence of 2-8 per million [1]. The presence of a choroidal naevus is a risk factor for uveal melanoma [1]. Patients with choroidal lesions...

My Top Five: Key insights from recent research into uveitis in adults

4 December 2025 | | EYE - Vitreo-Retinal
Uveitis, characterised by inflammation of the uvea – the eye’s middle layer comprising the iris, ciliary body, and choroid – remains a leading cause of visual impairment worldwide [1]. It primarily affects adults aged 20–50 years. Untreated uveitis may cause...

Two cases of acute syphilitic posterior placoid chorioretinitis

4 December 2025 | | EYE - Imaging, EYE - Vitreo-Retinal
Syphilis has re-emerged as a significant public health concern, with the World Health Organization (WHO) estimating that 8 million adults aged 15–49 acquired syphilis in 2022. Untreated syphilis can have severe consequences, including cardiovascular, neurological and ocular complications. Ocular manifestations...

Paediatric optic disc anomalies

4 December 2025 | | EYE - Imaging, EYE - Neuro-ophthalmology, EYE - Paediatrics
Anomalies of the optic nerve are relatively rare, but account for a significant proportion of sight impairment in children and adults. The recognition of these anomalies by eye health professionals is important not only due to their potential impact on...

Technique of deep corneal foreign body removal

3 February 2026 | | EYE - Glaucoma, EYE - Cornea
This article has been verified for CPD. Click the button below to answer a few short questions and download a form to be included in your CPD folder. The objective is to demonstrate a method for the safe and successful...

Radiation retinopathy

5 June 2020 | | EYE - Vitreo-Retinal, EYE - General
The authors review the current treatment options for this condition. Radiation retinopathy (RR) occurs as a complication after exposure to any type of radiation (external beam, plaque brachytherapy and stereotactic radiosurgery) in the orbital or adnexal region. These include nasopharyngeal...

It’s Friday, I’m In Love: Pete’s Hidden Curriculum Part 3

3 February 2023 | | EYE - General
“When you’re in love, it’s the most glorious two-and-a-half days of your life.” - Richard Lewis [1]. The good news is that we are over the hump now and past the most depressing day of the year, which is known...