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Neovascular AMD: fresh recommendations underline standards of best practice

1 December 2013 |
The management of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) has advanced dramatically over the past seven years, with the introduction of targeted new therapies that successfully maintain or improve vision in a majority of affected individuals. It’s a fast moving field,...

Diabetic polyneuropathy and risk of developing diabetic retinopathy

1 February 2016 | | EYE - Vitreo-Retinal
Diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN), diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic nephropathy are widely classified as microvascular complications of diabetes. DPN, which may cause complete sensation loss, is another common complication of DM. The DPN-related diminished sensation presents a significant risk factor for...

How to pass the Refraction Certificate

1 August 2019 | | EYE - Cataract, EYE - Refractive, EYE - General
Unfortunately, I had the pleasure of getting to know this exam intimately. With adequate preparation this does not have to be the case for most people. The exam has recently changed to consist of 10 OSCE style stations (previously 12)....

Typical and atypical optic neuritis – diagnosis and initial management

1 June 2016 | | EYE - Neuro-ophthalmology
Optic neuritis is a relatively common presentation to ophthalmologists in the acute setting. The vast majority are cases of ‘typical’ optic neuritis (ON) but a smaller group of conditions, so-called, ‘atypical’ optic neuritides require a different work-up and management strategy....

Headaches in ophthalmology (part 2)

1 December 2018 | | EYE - Neuro-ophthalmology, EYE - General
Ophthalmologists see a large number of patients with headaches or facial pain in the ophthalmic outpatient clinics or in emergency clinics. Over two articles, I will discuss several causes of headaches, ocular manifestations and proposed management and referral options. It...

Crystalline keratopathy in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance

2 April 2025 | | EYE - Cornea
Monoclonal gammopathies encompass a group of plasma cell disorders characterised by the excessive production of abnormal monoclonal immunoglobulins in the bloodstream [1]. This category includes multiple myeloma, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), amyloidosis and other lymphoproliferative disorders. Monoclonal gammopathy...

The assessment of pupils and 
pupillary reactions

1 October 2015 | | EYE - Vitreo-Retinal
Understanding pupillary reactions is vital in understanding basic neuro-opthalmology. It is a skill required in eye casualty, clinics and perhaps most importantly, exams. To start at the beginning, the pupil is the central aperture of the iris, its size controlling...

A career in uveitis

7 December 2020 | | EYE - Vitreo-Retinal, EYE - General
As he retires from clinical practice, the author looks back on his long career in uveitis and how care of these patients has changed dramatically since his days as an undergraduate. My trainees and fellows are often bored by my...

A new observation point: updating the nomenclature and classification with OCT

3 June 2021 | | EYE - Imaging, EYE - Vitreo-Retinal, EYE - General
The evolution of ophthalmic imaging technologies has been particularly rapid over the last few years. The author provides an update of the current terms for common signs and pathologies observed using optical coherence tomography. My experience as an ophthalmic technician,...

Prevalence of acute anterior uveitis in diabetic patients attending diabetic eye disease clinics

5 April 2022 | | EYE - Vitreo-Retinal, EYE - General
The authors share their investigation at Manchester Royal Eye Hospital into the association between diabetes and AAU. The global prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is rapidly rising from an estimated 9.3% in 2019 to 10.2% by 2030 [1]. The link...

My Top Five: Key insights from recent research into uveitis in adults

4 December 2025 | | EYE - Vitreo-Retinal
Uveitis, characterised by inflammation of the uvea – the eye’s middle layer comprising the iris, ciliary body, and choroid – remains a leading cause of visual impairment worldwide [1]. It primarily affects adults aged 20–50 years. Untreated uveitis may cause...

Cutting-edge practice in glaucoma care: what, how and why?

1 April 2016 | | EYE - Glaucoma
More effective treatments and drug delivery modalities, implantable minimally invasive glaucoma surgical (MIGS) devices, as well as accelerating clinical research programmes, will transform the surgical and clinical management of glaucoma in the near future. There is also an ever-greater emphasis...