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The assessment of pupils and 
pupillary reactions

1 October 2015 | | EYE - Vitreo-Retinal
Understanding pupillary reactions is vital in understanding basic neuro-opthalmology. It is a skill required in eye casualty, clinics and perhaps most importantly, exams. To start at the beginning, the pupil is the central aperture of the iris, its size controlling...

Isolated trochlear (fourth cranial) nerve palsy in an Asian population

1 August 2018 | | EYE - Neuro-ophthalmology
The authors report on 35 consecutive new cases of isolated fourth cranial nerve palsy seen over a period of six months in one neuro-ophthalmology clinic in Southeast Asia, with emphasis on their aetiology and management. We report on 35 patients...

Strabismus and ocular motility, demystified

3 April 2024 | | EYE - Paediatrics, EYE - Strabismus, EYE - General
I am a former orthoptist, now trained in medicine and working as a foundation doctor. In my previous work, I was frequently approached by ophthalmology trainees eager for guidance with strabismus and ocular motility. Drawing on my clinical experience, I...

Congenital and paediatric cataract: Advances in diagnosis and management

4 December 2025 | | EYE - Paediatrics, EYE - Cataract
Congenital and paediatric cataracts are relatively rare, although prevalence varies significantly between countries, influenced by factors such as nutrition, immunisation policy and population genetics [1]. In the UK, around 3–4 of every 10,000 babies are born with cataracts. It’s a...

Infection prevention and control through a VISION 2020 LINK between Mombasa and Southampton

1 April 2017 | | EYE - Cataract, EYE - Cornea, EYE - Glaucoma, EYE - Imaging, EYE - Neuro-ophthalmology, EYE - Oculoplastic, EYE - Oncology, EYE - Orbit, EYE - Paediatrics, EYE - Pathology, EYE - Refractive, EYE - Strabismus, EYE - Vitreo-Retinal, EYE - General
The authors share how a partnership between Mombasa and Southampton has enabled Kenyan healthcare professionals from four institutions to innovate and work as a group to improve infection prevention and control. Infection prevention and control (IPC) is a cornerstone of...

Building capacity for diabetic retinopathy services in Malawi

1 August 2019 | | EYE - Vitreo-Retinal, EYE - General
Screening for diabetic retinopathy prevents blindness. There is no systematic screening programme for diabetic eye disease in Malawi and people present when they have lost vision and it is too late for treatment. The aim of the VISION 2020 LINK...

Preventing blindness from diabetes: planning a programme of service development and research across Malawi

5 April 2022 | | EYE - Vitreo-Retinal, EYE - Imaging, EYE - General
In sub-Saharan Africa 19.4 million people have diabetes; this is projected to rise to 28.6 million by 2030 [1]. Sight loss from diabetes devastates the lives of working people, affecting the financial stability of the families and communities who depend...

Macular holes: A brief review

1 August 2017 | | EYE - Vitreo-Retinal
The classification of macular holes has been modernised by OCT findings. This is a brief review and encompasses the historical literature on macular holes. A macular hole is an anatomical discontinuation of the neurosensory retina at the centre of the...

Practical phacodynamics – making the most of your phacoemulsification machine

1 October 2018 | | EYE - Cataract, EYE - Refractive, EYE - General
Understanding phacodynamics is appreciating the subtleties in the dynamic changes of the fluidics and the ultrasonic power delivered. Kristina Southcott explains. Increase my vacuum! Increase my bottle height! Increase my phaco power! I frequently observe the above commands being directed...

End of an era: completing training. Tips for survival, fellowship applications and how to CCT

1 February 2019 | | EYE - General
Tafadzwa Young-Zvandasara shares the things he wishes he had paid more attention to when approaching the end of training. It is the end of an era, you are now ready to move on. Training has been filled with a structured...

Principles of management

1 August 2016 | | EYE - Cataract, EYE - Cornea, EYE - Pathology
Whatever section of pathology is to blame and wherever it strikes, the aim of treatment is always the same. Find the cause if you can. Establish the effects of the cause. Halt the pathological process if you can. Reverse its...

Grading of ocular inflammation in uveitis: an overview

1 February 2016 | | EYE - Vitreo-Retinal
Anterior uveitis is the commonest form of uveitis, which can lead to severe morbidity if not treated appropriately [1]. Data from general ophthalmology practices suggest around 90% of uveitis encountered by comprehensive ophthalmologists is anterior uveitis [2]. Intermediate (vitreous), posterior...