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Thyroid eye disease

Thyroid eye disease (TED) is an autoimmune condition with a spectrum of signs and symptoms, usually associated with Graves’ hyperthyroidism. The diagnosis is based on history and physical examination but there are further investigations that can aid diagnosis if unclear....

Myasthenia gravis presenting with isolated ptosis: a poorly studied subgroup

Investigation into the cause of one isolated symptom or sign can be challenging if that particular sign may be caused by a variety of pathological processes, affecting different tissues, and presenting to different specialties. Unilateral ptosis is a case in...

The Sickle Cell Retinopathy Network is leading global change in screening and management

Sickle cell disease or disorder (SCD) is one of the most neglected health conditions in the world. A strong hypothesis is that this is because SCD affects people of African, Caribbean and other Global Majority communities and has received disproportionately...

Beyond vision loss: Why doctors should know about Charles Bonnet Syndrome

Over 250 years have passed since Charles Bonnet’s seminal essay, in which he described the symptoms of the syndrome that now takes his name [1]. Charles Bonnet Syndrome (CBS) describes the occurrence of visual hallucinations in people with significant visual...

OCT in neuro-ophthalmology: A practical overview

From multiple sclerosis to raised intracranial pressure, optical coherence tomography is transforming how we diagnose, monitor and predict outcomes across the full spectrum of neuro-ophthalmic disease. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a rapid imaging method that utilises light waves to...