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The role of inflammation in the pathophysiology of DMO

Diabetic macular oedema (DMO) is a major cause of visual loss in diabetes, with a complex multifactorial pathogenesis. In the UK alone it is estimated that there are nearly 2.5 million diabetic patients aged over 12 years. Approximately 65,000 of...

The past and the future for paediatric ophthalmology

The past 25 years have seen remarkable advances in clinical eye care for children in the UK. This has led to both improved outcomes and better patient and family experiences. There have been substantial changes to patient pathways, major advances...

NICE drugs: an update on what’s good to go

Treatment options recommended by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) must be readily available for use in the NHS of England and Wales. This article provides an overview of recent guidance from NICE and summary advice issued...

Periocular burns: a literature review of classification, management protocols and outcomes of treatment

The author provides a review of the current literature regarding the principles of classification, management protocols of acute ocular and periocular burns and the role of the burn and oculoplastic surgeon involved in their care. More than two-thirds of facial...

The role of spectral-domain OCT RNFL in revealing a pituitary adenoma with atypical visual fields

Pituitary adenomas classically cause bitemporal hemianopia by compressing the optic chiasm. However, in some cases, the pattern of visual field loss may be atypical and mimic homonymous hemianopia, depending on the direction and extent of tumour expansion. Spectral-domain optical coherence...

Progress in retinal disease management: Highlights of the Retina Day, RCOphth 2025 Annual Congress

The Retina Day meeting at the Royal College of Ophthalmologists (RCOphth) 2025 Annual Congress in Liverpool was held on 22 May 2025. This report highlights 10 selected topics of interest to subspecialists and general ophthalmologists. Decarbonising anti-VEGF clinics (or making...

Clinical relevance of the anatomic classification of neovascular age-related macular degeneration

The author explains why an OCT-based classification of neovascular AMD is needed and how these neovascular subtypes may help to predict patients’ long-term visual outcome. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative process involving the macula in...

Do patient demographics influence AMD clinic attendance during COVID-19 lockdown?

The authors assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on adherence to scheduled clinic appointments among age-related macular degeneration patients in a clinic in North Wales. The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected the population, affecting economic and social wellbeing, whilst...

Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) of the lacrimal sac

The authors present a case series of three patients with known CLL, two of which presented with mass and epiphora and one case with epiphora alone. All three patients had initially being diagnosed and were treated for chronic dacryocystitis. Histopathological...

Typical or surprisingly uncharacteristic presentations of neuro-ophthalmic emergencies

Irrespective of geographical location or patient cohort, emergency departments are high risk locations capable of inspiring extreme anxiety and dread in patients and doctors alike. The stress multiplies when a walk-in or referred case is suspected of underlying neurological pathology....

Update on emerging therapies for age-related macular degeneration

The 23rd European Society of Retina Specialists (EURETINA) Congress, held in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, provided a timely update on anti-complement therapy for geographic atrophy and emerging investigational therapies for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Anti-complement therapy for geographic atrophy Geographic atrophy...

Feb/Mar 2014 Quiz 1

History A 55-year-old diabetic male presents with some annoying floaters in his left eye. Slit-lamp examination shows multiple well defined bodies within the vitreous cavity, in an eye otherwise showing background diabetic retinopathy. The patient elects to undergo a vitrectomy....