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300 MCQs for the Duke Elder Ophthalmology Exam

The Duke Elder undergraduate prize examination is held by the Royal College of Ophthalmologists annually for undergraduate medical students. It is a competitive examination covering clinical ophthalmology as well as the ocular basic sciences, optics, statistics and socio-economic medicine. For...

Keratolimbal allograft and tumour transmission

This case report describes tumour transmission from keratolimbal allograft donor to recipient. A 68-year-old woman underwent keratolimbal allograft (KLAL) for limbal stem cell failure from a donor, who died of invasive breast carcinoma that had metastasised to multiple levels of...

Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) of the lacrimal sac

The authors present a case series of three patients with known CLL, two of which presented with mass and epiphora and one case with epiphora alone. All three patients had initially being diagnosed and were treated for chronic dacryocystitis. Histopathological...

Prognostication for uveal melanoma

The authors highlight the importance of using all available data in the prognostication of uveal melanoma (UM). Over recent years a number of molecular tests have emerged to allow clinicians to predict metastatic potential of UM. However, concordance between techniques...

Finasteride and central serous chorioretinopathy

The pathophysiology of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is complex and has not been fully elucidated. Suggested theories include hyperpermeability and increased hydrostatic pressure in the choroidal vasculature, which creates RPE detachments overwhelming the RPE barrier function, leading to accumulation of...

Late stromal rejection in DALK

This case series reported on late stromal rejections in eyes after uncomplicated deep anterior lamellar keratoplasties (DALKs). Four eyes of three patients experienced episodes of isolated stromal rejection 33 to 46 months after surgically uncomplicated DALKs and a minimum of...

Paediatric uveitis in India

This article was a retrospective review of paediatric patients presenting to a tertiary hospital in India. Records over a three year period were reviewed. The authors highlight that children account for about 2.2-13.8% of uveitis patients and are at greater...

Rituximab efficacy for juvenile idiopathic arthritis

This is a retrospective study about the long-term efficacy of rituximab in patients with severe juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA)-associated uveitis. A total of eight patients (15 eyes) were recruited in this study in a single tertiary referral centre from Italy....

Retinal structural features of CMV retinitis

Confocal adaptive optics (AO) technology has enabled cellular level retinal imaging, including imaging of photoreceptors and blood flow. Adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) is a technology that provides high resolution and high contrast retinal images by correcting ocular aberrations....

The inflammatory side-effect of Brimonidine

Brimonidine is a well established selective alpha-2 adreno-receptor agonist, used to lower intraocular pressure. This case series reports on 19 eyes affected by brimonidine induced uveitis. Mean age of the patients was 74 years and mean duration of brimonidine use...

Mast cells in Graves’ ophthalmopathy

Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO) is a potentially sight-threatening ocular disease, occurring in patients with hyperthyroidism due to Graves’ disease. Also known as thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy, GO is characterised by orbital infiltration by immune cells including macrophages, T cells and plasma cells, which...

ICG TTT for retinoblastoma

Transpupillary thermotherapy (TTT) is a specific form of ocular TT using infrared radiation (diode laser). Indocyanine green (ICG) is also used to achieve the optimal phototherapy effect in eyes with minimal pigment. Twenty-one patients with 42 retinoblastomas in 30 eyes...