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Supranuclear ocular motility disorders

1 June 2022 | | EYE - Neuro-ophthalmology, EYE - General
Figure 1: Bilateral INO Introduction Complex ocular motility disorders are a diagnostic challenge. These patients come with very complex ocular motility presentations and require a careful and detailed assessment in order to find the correct diagnosis and arrange appropriate investigations....
Orbit journal cover image

How to reconstruct an upper lid defect

1 June 2022 | | EYE - Oculoplastic, EYE - Orbit
In this 10-year review, the authors look at published techniques for repairing upper lid defects and their respective success. Of the 10 studies included in this paper, they divide the techniques described within to bridging and non-bridging. Bridging techniques tend...

Unravelling ocular motility

1 April 2016 | | EYE - Neuro-ophthalmology
Ocular motility can often be a slightly abstract concept during the earlier years of ophthalmology training. A large variance on what embodies normality; mythical concepts like fusion and binocular vision, examination techniques that can be fiddly, and complex neuroanatomy all...

Chronic dacryocystitis?

1 February 2018 | | EYE - General
Lacrimal drainage system tumours are rare and lymphomas account for less than 10% of these tumours [1]. Most patients presenting with lymphoma infiltration of the lacrimal drainage system have a history of previously diagnosed lymphoma elsewhere. We report a case...

Shedding light on Wolfram syndrome: The unveiling of a delayed diagnosis

12 August 2025 | | EYE - Neuro-ophthalmology
Wolfram syndrome 1 (WS1) was first described by Wolfram and Wagener in 1938 and it’s a rare neurodegenerative, progressive disorder, also known as DIDMOAD (diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, and deafness) [1]. We present an atypical case of WS...

Vitreomacular traction and full thickness macular hole

1 December 2017 | | EYE - Vitreo-Retinal, EYE - Imaging
Clinical scenario: A 64-year-old lady presented to the clinic with a few weeks history of sudden onset of metamorphopsia, central blur and reduced vision in her right eye. The ocular examination and ocular coherence tomography confirmed right eye focal vitreomacular...

Macular holes: A brief review

1 August 2017 | | EYE - Vitreo-Retinal
The classification of macular holes has been modernised by OCT findings. This is a brief review and encompasses the historical literature on macular holes. A macular hole is an anatomical discontinuation of the neurosensory retina at the centre of the...

A new observation point: updating the nomenclature and classification with OCT

3 June 2021 | | EYE - Imaging, EYE - Vitreo-Retinal, EYE - General
The evolution of ophthalmic imaging technologies has been particularly rapid over the last few years. The author provides an update of the current terms for common signs and pathologies observed using optical coherence tomography. My experience as an ophthalmic technician,...

Feb/Mar 2015 Quiz 2

1 February 2015 | | EYE - Cataract, EYE - Cornea, EYE - Glaucoma, EYE - Imaging, EYE - Neuro-ophthalmology, EYE - Oculoplastic, EYE - Oncology, EYE - Orbit, EYE - Paediatrics, EYE - Pathology, EYE - Refractive, EYE - Strabismus, EYE - Vitreo-Retinal, EYE - General
History A 60-year-old white Caucasian male, with a history of acne, presented with slate grey pigmentation of his upper forehead, pre-auricular skin, peri-oral area, forearms and shins. The conjunctivae showed bilateral lower tarsal conjunctival multiple black dots. One of these...

Friendly felines and a spot diagnosis

1 June 2014 | | EYE - Vitreo-Retinal
A nine-year-old girl presented to me in eye casualty with a three-week history of blurred vision in her left eye. Otherwise she was apparently well, with no past ophthalmic, medical, drug or relevant family history. Visual acuity was 6/4 right...

An update on inherited retinal disorders (part 1) – overview and assessment of inherited retinal disease

1 October 2016 | | EYE - Vitreo-Retinal
Part 2 of this topic can be found here Inherited Retinal Disease (IRD) is the leading cause of blindness certification in the working age population (age 16-64 years) in England and Wales and the second most common in childhood [1]....

An anterior segment lump: a diagnostic and treatment challenge

2 February 2024 | | EYE - Oncology, EYE - Pathology
Case presentation A 50-year-old female presented to eye casualty with a lump on the left medial lower eyelid with associated redness and occasional bleeding. The lump was present for a few months with recent enlargement (Figure 1). Her past medical...