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Shifting the paradigm of managing patients in medical retina: how real-world data can help us to improve clinical practice

1 February 2015 | | EYE - Vitreo-Retinal
The ophthalmic subspecialty of ‘medical retina’ has undergone dramatic changes in recent years. With the introduction of ranibizumab (Lucentis, Novartis), a specialty formerly dominated by laser-based therapies has been transformed to become, in large part, pharmacotherapy-based. To date, these pharmacotherapies...

Congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders (CCDDs)

3 October 2022 | | EYE - General
The term congenital cranial dysinnervation disorder (CCDD) was introduced by Gutowski et al. in 2003 to describe strabismus conditions that result from developmental error in innervation of some of the extraocular muscles. Examples of these conditions include Duane’s syndrome and...

My top five: Emerging alternatives to manage and treat nAMD

3 April 2024 | | EYE - Vitreo-Retinal
Wet (exudative or neovascular) age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is characterised by choroidal neovascularisation, in which new blood vessels from the choroid invade through Bruch’s membrane. These blood vessels proliferate beneath or through the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), causing patients to...

My Top Five: Emerging alternatives to manage and treat nAMD

3 April 2024 | | EYE - General
Wet (exudative or neovascular) age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is characterised by choroidal neovascularisation, in which new blood vessels from the choroid invade through Bruch’s membrane. These blood vessels proliferate beneath or through the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), causing patients to...

Outcomes at 100 weeks from the LEAVO study of intravitreal anti-VEGF therapies for macular oedema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion

23 May 2019 |
Royal College of Ophthalmologists Annual Congress 2019, Glasgow - First presented and discussed on Monday 20 May 2019, with a further presentation of results during Retina Subspecialty Day on Thursday 23 May 2019. Among patients with macular oedema secondary to...

RNIB volunteers “honoured” to meet HM The King and HM The Queen

4 January 2026 | charity, news, event
Two volunteers with sight loss visited Windsor earlier this month to meet Royalty and explain how volunteering can bring communities together. Jonathan Abro and Simon Holt, who both volunteer for RNIB (Royal National Institute of Blind People), were part of...

How to examine the visual system Part 2: Accommodation, pupils, fundoscopy and additional tests

1 August 2014 | | EYE - Vitreo-Retinal
Examining the visual system can be a tricky skill for medical students to master, yet it is a task that is frequently tested in examinations. This is the second of a two-part series of articles, which together aim to improve...

Retinoblastoma – the challenges of a rare cancer and the role of international partnerships

4 October 2023 | | EYE - Paediatrics, EYE - Strabismus
Introduction: the global challenge The global burden of retinoblastoma (Rb) is one in 15,000-18,000 live births, which equates to 8000 new cases worldwide each year. The global disparities in Rb outcome represent a paradigm of health inequality worldwide [1]. In...

My Top Five: Key insights from recent research into uveitis in adults

4 December 2025 | | EYE - Vitreo-Retinal
Uveitis, characterised by inflammation of the uvea – the eye’s middle layer comprising the iris, ciliary body, and choroid – remains a leading cause of visual impairment worldwide [1]. It primarily affects adults aged 20–50 years. Untreated uveitis may cause...

Non-organic visual loss

2 December 2019 | | EYE - Neuro-ophthalmology, EYE - General
Patients can present to eye departments with various signs and symptoms (mostly symptoms) with no obvious organic cause. These patients can be labelled with any of a wide range of diagnoses such as functional visual loss, functional overlay, psychosomatic reaction...

It’s not always GCA

7 December 2020 | | EYE - Neuro-ophthalmology, EYE - General
Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is an immune mediated granulomatous inflammatory disease that affects muscular middle or large sized arteries. It is considered as a continuation of polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) when the severity of the disease has increased. It is the...

High-stakes scenarios in retinal vein occlusion: A survey of medico-legal implications

2 October 2025 | | EYE - Vitreo-Retinal, EYE - Glaucoma
Central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) is the second most common retinal vascular disease after diabetic retinopathy, and its clinical complexity often intersects with medico-legal scrutiny [1]. Missteps in timely diagnosis, inadequate follow-up or poor documentation can lead to patient harm...