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How to pass the FRCOphth part 2 oral exam

1 June 2022 | | EYE - General
If you have got this far in terms of your exams, relax. In terms of pass rate, the hardest FRCOphth membership exams are already behind you. The pass mark for the part 2 oral exam is around 75%, and about...

An elective in the land down under

2 April 2026 | | EYE - General
My clinical elective was spent at the Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital (RVEEH) in Melbourne. As Australia’s only specialist tertiary hospital dedicated entirely to eye disease, RVEEH gave me significant exposure to, and enhanced my clinical understanding of, ophthalmology....

Viscoelastic distension of the lacrimal sac during endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy: A case-based technical note

5 October 2026 | | EYE - Imaging, EYE - Oculoplastic
Epiphora secondary to acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO) is a common presentation in ophthalmic practice, with an incidence of 30.47 per 100,000 population [1]. Histopathological studies demonstrate that NLDO is characterised by chronic inflammation and progressive fibrosis of the ductal...

Malignant hypertension presenting as bilateral optic disc swelling detected during diabetic retinal screening

5 October 2026 | | EYE - Neuro-ophthalmology, EYE - Vitreo-Retinal
A 48-year-old woman was referred from the diabetic retinopathy screening programme to the eye casualty service following the incidental finding of bilateral optic disc swelling. Mild background diabetic retinopathy was present, and she was otherwise initially asymptomatic. Due to concern...

Aqueous misdirection: a case series of unexpected surgical complications

3 June 2024 | | EYE - Glaucoma
Aqueous misdirection (AM), also known as malignant glaucoma, is a form of secondary glaucoma that typically presents with shallowing of the anterior chamber (AC), raised intraocular pressure (IOP), and reduced visual acuity (VA) in the presence of patent peripheral iridotomies...

White dot syndromes

1 September 2015 | | EYE - Vitreo-Retinal
It is fair to say that trainees and consultants who are not medical retina specialists are a bit scared of the so called retinal ‘white dot syndromes’. It is easy to understand why this is the case, as almost every...

Troubleshooting in LASIK

1 April 2017 | | EYE - Cataract, EYE - Refractive
Contemporary laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) is safe and effective. It remains the dominant intervention in routine refractive surgery for a good reason: predictable results, rapid visual recovery, and relatively simple strategies for revision treatment. Over 95% of patients are...

My ophthalmic elective: focusing on myopia in Taiwan

3 June 2021 | | EYE - Cataract, EYE - Refractive, EYE - General
The authors describe their elective experience and delve further into high myopia, an emerging ophthalmic disease that is increasingly recognised in and outside Asia. The medical school elective programme presents an opportunity for students to conduct learning in their chosen...

My Top Five: Key insights from recent research into uveitis in adults

4 December 2025 | | EYE - Vitreo-Retinal
Uveitis, characterised by inflammation of the uvea – the eye’s middle layer comprising the iris, ciliary body, and choroid – remains a leading cause of visual impairment worldwide [1]. It primarily affects adults aged 20–50 years. Untreated uveitis may cause...

The lived experience of benign essential blepharospasm

4 December 2025 | | EYE - Oculoplastic
Benign essential blepharospasm (BEB) is a rare neurological condition which causes involuntary sustained or intermittent muscular contraction of both eyelids and upper facial muscles which cause closure of eyelids, abnormal facial expressions and distress [1]. The term dystonia is an...

An anterior segment lump: a diagnostic and treatment challenge

2 February 2024 | | EYE - Oncology, EYE - Pathology
Case presentation A 50-year-old female presented to eye casualty with a lump on the left medial lower eyelid with associated redness and occasional bleeding. The lump was present for a few months with recent enlargement (Figure 1). Her past medical...

More sensitive visual acuity test for age-related macular degeneration

1 October 2016 | | EYE - Vitreo-Retinal
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in the developed world. Primarily associated with ageing, genetic factors and lifestyle choices such as smoking also play a contributory role. Patients with early AMD, characterised by the development of...