Journal Reviews
Biomarkers in thyroid eye disease
An ideal biomarker is sensitive, specific, easily assessable and clinically relevant. This study looked at the presence of inflammatory cytokines present in the tear film of healthy controls, thyroid patients without eye disease (non-TED) and those with thyroid eye disease...
Immunotherapy for orbital SCC
In the UK, cemiplimab is recommended for treating metastatic or locally advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in adults when curative surgery or curative radiotherapy is not suitable. Pembrolizumab is recommended as an option for untreated metastatic or unresectable recurrent...
Diagnostic yield of routine metastatic work-up in conjunctival melanoma
Conjunctival melanoma (CM) is a rare but potentially aggressive malignancy of the ocular surface with high rates of local recurrence and metastasis. Eighty-one consecutive patients with invasive conjunctival melanoma treated by the senior author over the course of 23 years...
Anatomical measurements for degree orientation and muscle insertions for rectus muscles
This study reports the relative degree orientation of the superior, lateral and inferior rectus muscles with respect to the medial rectus, and the distances between the rectus muscle insertions. The study involved 30 cadavers (60 eyes), all White, 50% female...
Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction in trisomy 21 vs non-trisomy 21 patients
This is a retrospective case review study looking at patients who underwent intervention for congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO) between January 2017 and January 2018. The authors state that patients were excluded if there was less than 60 months of...
Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction in patients with craniofacial abnormalities
This is a retrospective study including 1998 patients over a period of 10 years. Of this number, 41 patients were identified as having a craniofacial abnormality and congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO) (23.1 per 10,000 live births). Interestingly the most...
Sirolimus for lymphatic-venous malformation
This is a case report on the use of oral sirolimus in the treatment of lymphatic-venous malformations. This condition can often be sight-threatening when present in the orbit and traditional management options have included observation, sclerotherapy and surgery. Both sclerotherapy...
The effect of orbital decompression on upper eyelid retraction
This is a systematic review and meta-analysis on whether there is a change in upper lid retraction following orbital decompression. Traditional teaching states that the order of surgery for thyroid eye disease should be decompression firstly, followed by squint surgery...
Features of bacterial orbital cellulitis on MRI imaging
This multi-centre retrospective study from Australia and the UK examined the quantitative and qualitive parameters of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) imaging in bacterial orbital cellulitis. Twenty MRI scans from 20 patients with pre-septal and orbital fat involvement (mean age: 40.8...
Effects of orbital decompression on duction, cyclotorsion and diplopia
This is a retrospective review of 156 patients (281 eyes / orbits) with Graves Orbitopathy (GO) who had orbital decompression (OD) between 2016 and 2020 from Amsterdam, Netherlands. Data analysis of type of OD, eye position, duction, cyclotorsion and level...
Orbital fat density as a diagnostic tool in pre-septal and orbital cellulitis
This study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of orbital fat density in identifying post-septal involvement when initial differential diagnosis between orbital (OC) and periorbital (POC) cellulitis is unclear. This was a retrospective study of 57 patients with clinical diagnosis of...
Proptosis reduction with teprotumumab versus surgical decompression
This study aims to explore whether fat-to-muscle ratio (FMR) can be used to determine the efficacy of teprotumumab when compared to surgical decompression. Simply put, a high FMR equates to more fat expansion and low FMR equates to more muscle...
