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This study aimed to evaluate effects of physical activity (aerobic and anaerobic) on the latent eye deviation. The study recruited 20 competitive soccer players (10 myopes (mean -0.63D) and 10 emmetropic: 19 males), who underwent a total 90-minute exercise of typical soccer workout. All had 20/20 visual acuity. The myopic group had significantly more baseline exophoria (90% vs 20%: -2.20 ±2.57PD vs +0.90 ±1.37PD). During exercise, 19 subjects showed change in phoria measurements. All had increase in angle but exophoria increased more than esophoria in angle, and in variation of angle. The angle subsequently reduced in size. The authors discuss the possible role of metabolism and refractive state, and their effects on phoria. However, no inference for metabolism could be made as the study did not collect data of physiological measurements. The authors acknowledge this was a pilot study with lack of physical measurements and small sample numbers.

Effects of physical exercise on phoria: a pilot study.
Marini D, Calastri J, Maddii S, et al.
STRABISMUS
2025;33(4):209–20.
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Fiona Rowe (Prof)

Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, UK.

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