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Ophthalmologica journal cover image.

Submacular haemorrhage associated with nAMD: A meta-analysis and meta-regression on use of tPA and anti-VEGFs

1 November 2024 | | EYE - Vitreo-Retinal
The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a combination of tPA and anti-VEGF in the treatment of submacular haemorrhage (SMH) associated with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD). A systematic review meta-analysis following PRISMA guidelines, focusing on...
Ophthalmologica journal cover image

Update: Non-infectious retinal vasculitis

2 December 2024 | | EYE - Vitreo-Retinal
This review article summarises the update on non-infectious retinal vasculitis (RV). It is primarily classified based on the type of retinal vessels involved and further sub-classified as occlusive or nonocclusive. Clinically it can occur as an isolated ocular entity or...
Ophthalmologica journal cover image.

Anti-VEGF agents treatment outcomes in macular telangiectasia

2 October 2025 | | EYE - Vitreo-Retinal
This article is a review of a systematic literature search on Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Library, from inception to June 2024 for comparative studies on anti-VEGF agents in macular telangiectasia (MacTel). The primary outcome was the change in best-corrected...

The assessment of pupils and 
pupillary reactions

1 October 2015 | | EYE - Vitreo-Retinal
Understanding pupillary reactions is vital in understanding basic neuro-opthalmology. It is a skill required in eye casualty, clinics and perhaps most importantly, exams. To start at the beginning, the pupil is the central aperture of the iris, its size controlling...

Myasthenia Gravis Masquerading as a Third Cranial Nerve Palsy

1 February 2014 |
A 65-year-old man presented with a week’s history of binocular diplopia (in all directions of gaze) and a right partial ptosis. He was systemically well. His past medical history was unremarkable except for vitiligo. At presentation acuity was 6/6 bilaterally....

See sweet to C-suite: Imran Rahman

4 February 2025 | | EYE - Cataract, EYE - Cornea, EYE - Glaucoma
See also - See sweet to C-suite: Peter Holland In this three-part conversation series, Co-editor David Lockington speaks with highly influential individuals about their journey to the top, with advice for the next generation of leaders. Part Two: David speaks...

Sexually transmitted conjunctivitis – the REALLY sticky eye

5 October 2020 | | EYE - Cornea, EYE - General
Let’s face it, patients with conjunctivitis don’t always produce the most stimulating consultations and most of the time we can manage them in auto-pilot. The prospect of delving into such a patient’s sexual history is not overly appealing, but this...

Don’t ignore the black lesion! It might be mucormycosis

1 June 2017 | | EYE - Cornea
Keeping mucormycosis infection in the foreground of your differential diagnosis, especially in those more vulnerable patients, will help save their lives if recognised and managed appropriately. Mucormycosis is a fulminant infection caused by the fungi of the family Mucoraceae. It...

Orbital cellulitis - an overview of the diagnosis and management

1 February 2022 | | EYE - Orbit, EYE - Neuro-ophthalmology, EYE - Imaging, EYE - General
Periorbital (preseptal) and orbital cellulitis are infections of the subcutaneous tissues of the eye. They are differentiated by the location of the infection. Periorbital cellulitis refers to infection of the eyelid and subcutaneous tissues anterior to the orbital septum, whereas...

How to examine the visual system Part 1: visual acuity, visual fields and eye movements

1 June 2014 | | EYE - Vitreo-Retinal
Asking candidates to perform an examination of the visual system, either as part of a full cranial nerve exam or as an individual entity, is a common station in practical examinations during medical school. It is important to practise for...

Macular holes: A brief review

1 August 2017 | | EYE - Vitreo-Retinal
The classification of macular holes has been modernised by OCT findings. This is a brief review and encompasses the historical literature on macular holes. A macular hole is an anatomical discontinuation of the neurosensory retina at the centre of the...

Simulated ocular surgery

1 June 2015 | | EYE - Oculoplastic, EYE - Orbit
See also Simulated ocular surgery - strabismus surgery and Simulated ocular surgery: pars plana vitrectomy and scleral buckling surgery This is the first of a series of articles that will have three aims. Firstly, to demonstrate why simulated ocular surgery...