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Dilate or not in subconjunctival haemorrhage?

There is often surprisingly little evidence in common clinical conditions. Spontaneous non-traumatic subconjunctival haemorrhage (SCH) is frequently encountered in emergency and walk-in clinic visits. In some centres, a dilated fundus exam is performed to exclude retinal pathology. This retrospective study...

Two illustrative cases of AZOOR

The authors present two illustrative cases of acute zonal occult outer retinopathy (AZOOR) which causes acute idiopathic blind spot enlargement. The disease is characterised by sudden loss of outer retinal function associated with photopsia, with minimal or no fundoscopic changes...

Ocular neuromyotonia features

The authors present eight cases of ocular neuromyotonia (ONM) with an overview of the pathophysiology, aetiology, clinical presentations and possible treatments. Diagnosis was made only after thorough and repeated orthoptic examinations and review of medication history. An overview of the...

Laser pointer maculopathy

The objective of this study was to describe the potential clinical presentations of retinal pathology resulting from exposure to laser pointers. The study included eight eyes of seven patients. Mean age was 18.7 years (12-36). Most were accidental self-inflicted while...

Prevalence of misdiagnosis of third nerve palsy by referring clinicians

The authors present a retrospective case review of new patient presentations to a neuro-ophthalmology clinic at two centres between 2014 and 2017. The electronic medical records were searched using the variety of terms for third nerve palsy. Referral for management...

Ophthalmic presentations and outcomes in Erdheim-Chester disease

This is a comprehensive article describing clinical manifestations and pathogenesis of Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD) followed by a literature review of the available treatments. The authors look to compare historical treatment (HT) with vemurafenib, a BRAF inhibitor. ECD is a non-Langerhans...

Differentiating orbital cellulitis from non-specific orbital inflammation

This is a retrospective study looking at whether common laboratory investigations can help differentiate between orbital cellulitis (OC) and non-specific orbital inflammation (NSOI). NSOI is a diagnosis of exclusion following negative investigations for systemic diseases such as IgG4-related disease, granulomatosis...

How common are carotid-cavernous fistulas and what are the neuro-ophthalmic manifestations?

The authors present a retrospective study using the Rochester Epidemiology Project database. The aim was to establish the incidence of carotid-cavernous fistulas (CCF) and outline the associated neuro-ophthalmic patterns. Cases were identified from the database using the following criteria: a...

Sub-clinical detection methods in multiple sclerosis

Visually symptomatic multiple sclerosis (MS) provides only part of the required information to assist in understanding the disease. Recently, researchers have concentrated their efforts on diagnosing MS cases in the subclinical period. The aim of this paper was to assess...