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Optic nerve swelling – your survival guide (part 1)

Assessment of optic nerve appearance and functions is a daily routine in neuro-ophthalmology. Following a recent high profile court case there has been a significant increase in the amount of referral to ophthalmology departments to assess the optic nerve and...

The embryology of the eye

Nobody claims to like embryology. At least nobody I know. It has been a neglected part of the curriculum since time immemorial and a vicious cycle occurs in which those with an incomplete understanding fail to appreciate the inherent beauty...

Natural regression of brow heaviness in thyroid eye disease

This is a retrospective review of the change over time in the sub-brow fat volume in 104 patients with thyroid eye disease. Standardised photographs taken at diagnosis were compared with those taken after an average period of 10 years (+/-...

The reps

Who are the reps? Every one of us knows the friendly face of the local randomprost eye drop representative or the nice man from that eye lubricant company. These company representatives travel up and down the region with a smile,...

Crystalline keratopathy in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance

Monoclonal gammopathies encompass a group of plasma cell disorders characterised by the excessive production of abnormal monoclonal immunoglobulins in the bloodstream [1]. This category includes multiple myeloma, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), amyloidosis and other lymphoproliferative disorders. Monoclonal gammopathy...

Systemic and Ophthalmic Management of Diabetes Mellitus

Chris Steele, the Head of Optometry in Sunderland Eye Infirmary, has a wealth of experience and knowledge in retinal pathology and has recently published what is now his second book on diabetes. This has been a major undertaking, taking three...

RPE use similar pathway to regulatory T cells to inhibit immune response

Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells form an important part of the blood-retinal barrier that protects the neuronal cells responsible for sight. RPE cells are involved in innate and adaptive immune responses via expression of surface molecules and release of cytokines....

Enter the Dragons’ Den: Bob Gokani

I have often daydreamed about inventing a successful new product and then going on to pitch for investment on Dragons’ Den, with the TV show’s seasoned entrepreneurs all competing with each other to invest in my company. My imagined fantasy...

Enter the Dragons’ Den: Bob Gokani

I have often daydreamed about inventing a successful new product and then going on to pitch for investment on Dragons’ Den, with the TV show’s seasoned entrepreneurs all competing with each other to invest in my company. My imagined fantasy...

Nerve head in healthy humans using OCT-angiography

Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) is a recent, dyeless, and noninvasive imaging technique for evaluating depth-resolved vascular status by capturing the dynamic motion of the erythrocytes. It provides the flow map of major vessels and capillary plexuses separately in different...

Effect of one versus 24 hours diagnostic occlusion

The purpose of this study was to compare measurements taken after one and 24 hours of diagnostic occlusion in cases of basic and divergence excess types of intermittent exotropia. This was a prospective study of 43 patients (34 females) with...

Outcomes of primary and repeat DSAEKs

Retrospective analysis of results following primary and secondary descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEKs), carried out in Villa Serena-Villa Igea Private Hospitals in Italy, showed that primary and secondary DSAEK surgery result in similar visual outcomes, refractive errors and endothelial...