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Exploiting nature’s randomised trials of eye disease
Confounding and reverse causation in observational ophthalmic epidemiology Traditional observational studies are inherently limited in establishing a causal effect of an exposure on an outcome of interest. One fundamental limitation is confounding, whereby causation is incorrectly attributed to a third...Congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders (CCDDs)
The term congenital cranial dysinnervation disorder (CCDD) was introduced by Gutowski et al. in 2003 to describe strabismus conditions that result from developmental error in innervation of some of the extraocular muscles. Examples of these conditions include Duane’s syndrome and...Non-infectious Uveitis: Well Known, Weird and Wonderful meets You, Me and the Balloons
Installation view from Manchester International Festival 2023 exhibition Yayoi Kusama: You, Me and the Balloons at Aviva Studios. Images © David Levene. On an uncharacteristically salubrious 5 July 2023, the date of the 75th Anniversary of the UK’s NHS, a...From paper to pocket: Standardising eyecare with the Malawi Eye Care App
Malawi’s population is mostly rural; the government and Christian Health Association of Malawi (CHAM) together deliver about 80% of healthcare services through local district and community health facilities [1]. However, ophthalmology specialist services are only concentrated in the central hospitals....Bovine pericardium scleral patch graft associated scleritis: Ahmed valve implant for pupillary block glaucoma
Processed bovine pericardium is a lyophilised collagen sheet used as a surgical armamentarium. It renders the material antigenically inert with minimal inflammation [1]. Sclera patch pericardium graft (Tutopatch) is a collagenous membrane derived from solvent preserved, irradiated bovine pericardium [2]...Oculogyric crisis with B12 deficiency
An oculogyric crisis (OGC) is a dystonic movement disorder of the eyes which can last from seconds to hours. Although there is no published diagnostic criteria for OGC, typically the onset is acute, and it is characterised by conjugate upward...
Protecting retinal ganglion cells
Glaucoma is considered to be a heterogeneous group of conditions giving retinal ganglion cells (RGC) damage. Lowering intraocular pressure (IOP) reduces the risk of progressive RGC loss in glaucoma. Regeneration of the optic nerve has been shown to restore some...
