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180 MCQs for the Duke Elder Examination

The Duke-Elder Undergraduate Prize Exam is a competitive exam aimed at undergraduates with an interest in ophthalmology. It is amongst the most prestigious undergraduate prizes in the United Kingdom. I would encourage motivated candidates to get their hands on as...

Risk factors for non-arteritic ischaemic optic neuropathy in an Asian population

The authors reviewed the medical records of 45 Korean patients with non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy (NAION) and 45 healthy controls, in order to determine risk factors for the condition in an Asian population. Previous studies looking at risk factors...

MicroRNAs in cataract

In an ageing population cataract formation is one of the leading causes of blindness. Cataracts are caused by a failure to clear accumulating aggregated proteins in the lens. MicroRNAs are small non-coding transcripts which bind to specific mRNAs acting at...

Update on primary angle closure glaucoma

This review article considers primary angle-closure glaucoma which is responsible for half of glaucoma-related blindness worldwide. Angle closure is characterised by appositional contact between the iris and trabecular meshwork. It tends to develop in eyes with shallow anterior chambers, anteriorly...

ABCA1 mediates lipid efflux in the retina

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in the elderly population. There are two forms of AMD, dry and wet, the latter so named because of the presence of choroidal neovascularisation. Both forms lead to retinal pigment...

ANGPTL-4 inhibition reduces inflammation in diabetic retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common cause of blindness in working-age humans, and numbers are rising due to increased cases of type 2 diabetes (T2D). T2D is associated with increased obesity and dyslipidaemia, which is a major risk factor...

Rare case reports of benign optic glioma in adults with clinically aggressive nature

Primary optic nerve gliomas are most commonly benign and occurring in childhood. Malignant optic gliomas occur in adulthood and follow an aggressive course usually leading to blindness and death within months. This paper describes the clinical and histopathological features of...

IOP in children with uveitis

This is a retrospective study of paediatric uveitis (<16-years-old) between July 2002 to June 2016 of a total of 320 children from a single centre: 17.2 % (55/320 patients) developed raised IOP requiring therapy; 11.5% of eyes required glaucoma surgery...

The global burden of age-related macular degeneration

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the third leading cause of blindness (behind cataract and refractive error). The authors present the results of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2015 study, which included 195 countries. The disability-adjusted life years (DALY) due...

Glaucoma screening in primary care and community settings

Glaucoma is one of the most common causes of irreversible blindness in the United States due to its insidious progression and diagnosis in late stages. The cost-effectiveness of screening for glaucoma has been debated, and screening of high-risk groups for...